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- **************************************
- * Sigma-54 factors family signatures *
- **************************************
-
- Sigma factors [1] are bacterial transcription initiation factors that promote
- the attachment of the core RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are
- then released. They alter the specificity of promoter recognition. Most
- bacteria express a multiplicity of sigma factors. Two of these factors, sigma-
- 70 (gene rpoD), generally known as the major or primary sigma factor, and
- sigma-54 (gene rpoN or ntrA) direct the transcription of a wide variety of
- genes. The other sigma factors, known as alternative sigma factors, are
- required for the transcription of specific subsets of genes.
-
- With regard to sequence similarity, sigma factors can be grouped into two
- classes: the sigma-54 and sigma-70 families. The sigma-70 family has many
- different sigma factors (see the relevant section). The sigma-54 family
- consists exclusively of sigma-54 factor [2,3] required for the transcription
- of promoters that have a characteristic -24 and -12 consensus recognition
- element but which are devoid of the typical -10,-35 sequences recognized by
- the major sigma factors. The sigma-54 factor is also characterized by its
- interaction with ATP-dependent positive regulatory proteins that bind to
- upstream activating sequences.
-
- Structurally sigma-54 factors consist of three distinct regions:
-
- - A relatively well conserved N-terminal glutamine-rich region of about 50
- residues that contains a potential leucine zipper motif.
- - A region of variable length which is not well conserved.
- - A well conserved C-terminal region of about 350 residues that contains a
- second potential leucine zipper, a potential DNA-binding 'helix-turn-helix'
- motif and a perfectly conserved octapeptide whose function is not known.
-
- We developed two signature patterns for this family of sigma factors. The
- first starts two residues before the N-terminal extremity of the helix-turn-
- helix region and ends two residues before its C-terminal extremity. The second
- is the conserved octapeptide.
-
- -Consensus pattern: P-[LIVM]-x-[LIVM]-x(2)-[LIVM]-A-x(2)-[LIVM]-x-[LIVM]-H-x-
- S-T-[LIVM]-S-R
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Consensus pattern: R-R-T-V-[AT]-K-Y-R
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Helmann J.D., Chamberlin M.J.
- Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57:839-872(1988).
- [ 2] Thoeny B., Hennecke H.
- FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 5:341-358(1989).
- [ 3] Merrick M.J.
- Mol. Microbiol. 10:903-909(1993).
-